The plan to move the National Capital (IKN) to East
Kalimantan was officially presented by President Jokowi at the Annual Session
of the MPR RI and the Joint Session of the DPD RI and DPR RI on 16 August 2019.
Then, through the plenary meeting of the DPR RI on Tuesday, 18 January 2021,
the Draft of The IKN Law was ratified as Law Number 3 of 2022 concerning
National Capital. The presence of the new IKN will change the development
orientation which was previously known as Java-centric to become Indonesia-centric
to accelerate the mapping of Indonesia's development.
The realization of a National Capital that is
advanced, harmonious and in accordance with the identity of the Indonesian
nation requires comprehensive understanding and planning of socio-cultural and
socio-economic aspects. Social aspect planning is carried out by ensuring:
acceptance of the population, improving the quality of human resources,
utilization and development of local wisdom, sources of livelihood for the
population, as well as the role of various parties including the millennial
generation in developing IKN (Kominfo, 2020). The National Capital City needs
to be built with a development master plan that applies inclusive, sustainable
and sustainable principles and is able to support economic growth that
encourages equality throughout Indonesia. Differences in socio-cultural
characteristics between local residents and immigrants need to be anticipated
from the start so that the population is ecologically, economically and
economically resilient. social culture can be realized (Bappenas, 2019). The
culture of the local population which has influenced life for generations needs
to be preserved and utilized as part of the development of the Indonesian IKN.
Local residents and immigrants will unite and make social and cultural changes
together. Large and comprehensive changes in the form and characteristics of
the population from one situation to another to become better or more advanced
is known as Socio-Cultural Transformation (Kistanto, 2018).
The relocation of the National Capital brings
socio-cultural influences, namely: socio-cultural changes that occur very
quickly, the potential for conflict between immigrants and local residents,
population movement to surrounding areas which demands certain social handling,
and the need to form a new culture with concepts, spatial planning and urban
management. modern (Prasojo, 2020). So, the transfer of IKN to East Kalimantan
needs to be prepared as well as possible so as not to cause problems that we
don't want. A comprehensive understanding of the social, economic and cultural
characteristics of the population will help Indonesia realize an IKN that is
"Smart, Green, Beautiful and Sustainable" (Prasojo, 2020).
There are socio-cultural challenges for the IKN
population:
·
Current
Challenges
The success
of a new national capital depends on the readiness and support of local
government policies that are responsive to change (Park & Choi, 2011). The
development of a country's capital can cause the loss of residence for
indigenous peoples. As happened in the capital city of Pakistan (Islamabad),
where there was a gap that resulted in the marginalization of indigenous people
by government employees and business people (Bappenas,2020). Then, the people
of the new capital city must be educated to be digital technology literate
because the development of the new capital city will use the smart city concept
(Prihartini,2020). In the smart city concept, digital literacy and digital
inclusion are general issues that are an important part of its implementation.
·
Local
Government Readiness
Regional
government challenges do not only apply to areas that are IKN areas. Challenges
are also faced by local governments that function as buffers, such as Paser
Regency, West Kutai Regency, Balikpapan City and Kutai Regency. The regional
government is faced with preparing human resources and facilitating access to
IKN infrastructure development. The independence of the regional government is
being tested by providing programs to local residents so that they are able to
contribute to the development of IKN. Community participation is the main thing
that local governments need to prepare because it can accelerate the
achievement of social welfare and create openness to community aspirations.
·
Loss
of Residence of Indigenous People
The Alliance
of Indigenous Peoples of the Archipelago estimates that more than 200,000
people consisting of 19 traditional communities in North Penajam Paser and two
traditional groups in Kutai Kartanegara will become victims of IKN development
(Mantalean, 2022). This group will be increasingly marginalized and find it
difficult to survive because their livelihoods depend on forest, garden, river
and sea products. When living spaces change function due to IKN development,
indigenous peoples also have the potential to lose their homes due to economic
competition. This is because so far their living space has depended on
traditional work. According to (Kodir et al., 2021) the development of IKN is
opposed by traditional communities and environmental NGOs because there are
still several villages and sub-districts whose land ownership does not have
legality but is based on customary law. Indigenous residents who live in the
IKN area are worried that they will be evicted because they do not have legal
ownership of land inherited by custom. The indigenous people's rejection of IKN
is not only due to concerns about environmental damage, but because of their
dependence on the environment where they live as a sacred place and heritage
that must be protected. One example that has occurred is the construction of
the Sepaku Semoi dam and the Sepaku River Intake which evicted the settlements
of the residents of Sepaku and Semoi villages because they did not have
legality (Pratama, 2022).
·
Digital
Literacy of Local Residents
Digital
literacy is the user's ability to receive and absorb information received
through digital media such as communication tools and internet networks. User
proficiency in digital literacy depends on the ability to see, evaluate and use
it intelligently, wisely and appropriately according to its benefits (RTIK
Kalbar, 2021). Digital literacy is the key for local residents to be able to
adapt to the demands of the concept of the Indonesian Capital City with the
smart city and forest city concepts. The high number of areas experiencing
telecommunications blank spots will be an obstacle for local residents and
residents around IKN to increase their digital literacy. Understanding digital
literacy for the local population is very important to balance the digital
literacy of the immigrant population which is already high. Understanding
digital literacy will also create business opportunities for local residents to
remain part of economic competition and the job market in IKN.
·
Upcoming
Challenges
In the long
term, the capital city of the archipelago will experience challenges similar to
the development of large cities in general. Some of the problems surrounding
the development of big cities are urbanization, conflict due to social
inequality and changes in community culture. Massive urbanization has the
potential to occur in the capital city of the archipelago because the capital
city is synonymous with a multifunctional city (diplomatic, governmental and
economic center) that continues to develop which characterizes it as a
destination city for urbanization (Ecky, 2013). Cultural penetration brought by
immigrants who still have a rural feel does not only cause culture shock, but
can kill local culture and turn it into a new culture (Basundoro, 2022).
Meanwhile, conflicts due to inequality can occur due to feelings of being
marginalized by local communities and the non-recognition of indigenous
peoples' rights by immigrants and the state (LIPI, 2019).
·
Massive
Urbanization
One of the
main challenges of moving the capital city is massive urbanization.
Urbanization does not only occur in the East Kalimantan region but can occur in
wider areas (Adaba, 2022). The flow of urbanization after IKN operates as the
capital will attract residents from the closest ones, namely the buffer
districts in the East Kalimantan region. This attraction will expand to other
regions in Kalimantan and other regions in Indonesia in line with the large
economic opportunities that can be obtained at IKN. The flow of urbanization
due to IKN will lead to the formation of metropolitan cities. In the future,
the attractiveness of urbanization of Jakarta, which is no longer the capital,
will move to IKN and surrounding districts and cities (Bappenas, 2019). The
challenges of urbanization can result in other, more complex problems, namely
social inequality, conflict between local residents and immigrants, increasing
poverty, slums, crime and environmental damage.
·
The
Emergence of a New Culture
Another
challenge resulting from urbanization in various regions is the emergence of
new cultures due to the mingling of local residents and immigrants. The
emergence of this new culture is due to a deviation process called the vicious
circle (Sobirin, 2002). The process of creating a vicious circle is due to the
failure of community members to maintain the old culture (existing virtual
circle) and then form new cultural values (new virtual circle) that suit their
needs (Gagliardi, 1986). Old culture has the characteristics of continuing the
culture created by parents and predecessors, while new culture is the result of
interaction with the outside world which causes acculturation and enculturation
(Sobirin, 2002). The emergence of this new culture has similarities with the
emergence of Betawi culture in the capital city of Jakarta, where Betawi
culture emerged because of the cultural combination of the population that the
Dutch brought to Batavia during the colonial period. Betawi culture emerged
from a combination of ethnicities in Indonesia such as Sundanese, Javanese,
Balinese, Malay, Bugis, Makassar and Ambon, as well as ethnicities originating
from outside such as Indian, Arab, Chinese and European (Egindo, 2021). The
emergence of this new Betawi culture is related to the Dutch strategy to divide
the layout of Batavia into city walls (inhabited by Europeans) and areas
outside the walls inhabited by Javanese, Sundanese, Chinese and other
ethnicities (Swasty, 2022). The results of a study conducted by PKM-RSH UGM saw
that there were similarities between the Jakarta spatial plan built by the VOC
and the IKN spatial plan, where the IKN development was divided into core areas
with more detailed spatial and architectural planning and development areas
(periphery) with planning that was still in progress. minimal (Swasty, 2022).
According to sociological considerations, there are three possibilities for the
formation of a new culture in IKN, namely acculturation, conservation and
assimilation (Wirutomo, 2022). Acculturation is the dominance of immigrant
culture where local residents can only adopt immigrant culture at a low level.
In acculturation, the culture of immigrants becomes dominant and strong because
it is supported by development that favors immigrants. Conservation is cultural
stunting, where the government protects original or local culture but does not
develop it with modern culture so that it is equal. Lastly, namely assimilation
which is a 'win-win' mixture of cultures or there is no winning or losing
between the two. Assimilation will naturally form a culture by taking the best
and most useful values from native and immigrant cultures. Socio-cultural
assimilation between local (local) residents in IKN and IKN borders with
immigrant residents can lead to a strong new culture. Local residents in East
Kalimantan have experienced cultural assimilation for a long-time side by side
with immigrants in the past. This is because East Kalimantan is growing as a
developing region due to the forest crop and mining industry. As a result, many
immigrants from various ethnicities live for a long time with local residents
who have a culture of 'accepting' immigrants. The majority of ethnicities that
currently exist in East Kalimantan, namely Banjar, Javanese Bugis and Madurese
can live side by side peacefully (FISIP UI, 2020). So, with the arrival of new
immigrants from IKN, it is hoped that a new culture will be formed that
represents the real Indonesian population.
·
Conflict
Resulting from Social Inequality
The gap between
the local population and the migrant population on a certain scale can result
in conflict. This gap can occur in many ways, namely due to differences in the
quality of human resources regarding skills, education, economic conditions and
government alignments. Immigrant residents from outside IKN generally have
superior quality in terms of education, work ethic and skills. The transfer of
ASN from ministries and institutions will of course be followed by private
workers in the fields of banking, health, education, tourism, and including
economic actors. The best complementary infrastructure will also attract
educated and skilled workers. The people who will move are selected people who
have advantages according to their fields and expertise from institutions or
companies that have placed themselves in IKN. The presence of immigrant
residents who have more advantages can give rise to a social issue called
'culture shock' for local residents (Kastrat UGM, 2019). The work culture of
migrant residents who are used to working in big cities will have a shock
effect on local residents. This shock effect is also felt by local residents
who are used to getting to know each other with the presence of new people in
their neighborhood. Differences in the quality of human resources can trigger
social disparities between immigrants and local residents. In terms of business
and employment opportunities, local residents will compete with immigrants who
are generally more competent. Based on the results of a survey conducted, as
many as 47.3 percent of respondents stated that they were not sure that the
transfer of IKN would guarantee the expansion of job opportunities for local
communities (Susilawati, 2022). This is because local residents will be
defeated by migrant residents who are already prepared to work at IKN. As a
result of this competition, local residents will only fill the remaining jobs
because they have difficulty finding work. If the IKN Authority Government
takes sides towards ASN ministries and institutions and groups of migrant
workers, it will also create an impression of exclusivity which can lead to
social inequality.
If we look closely, the
multicultural society of East Kalimantan is the main asset in supporting IKN,
because the younger generation needs to be prepared to play an active role in
IKN, especially Gen Z and post-Gen Z, because this generation will continue the
noble ideals of the Indonesian nation.
Even though culturally the
people of East Kalimantan really support the existence and progress of IKN,
they must still encourage all groups, including educators, both teachers and
lecturers, to prepare East Kalimantan's human resources (HR) to be able to play
an active role in IKN. Another impact of increasing human resources apart from
being able to play an active role in IKN is to be able to enter employment in
various sectors and to improve the economy. Even at IKN there are also
opportunities for educational development and career development, to strengthen
local identity and culture, then to increase knowledge and technological
innovation.
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